The novelty of the intervention design required co-operation between principally the health and trade sectors, which were not previously (ordinarily) linked in Vihiga county. This created an added layer of complexity to the intervention. It was therefore crucial to develop a clear understanding of the context in which the intervention would be implemented. This cut across various dimensions including organisational arrangements within each sector, the policy, social, and economic environment in which the kiosks would operate and consideration of how these factors could help or hinder successful implementation.

The journey to building partnership with the community in Vihiga began early on. Engagement with the county health sector leadership established support for the grant application, as the proposed study was aligned with Vihiga’s health priorities and strategic plan. This early engagement later facilitated access to the county’s network of  health facilities and community markets, health workers, market traders and identification of additional stakeholders.

Socio-cultural context

Observations in community markets were conducted, the goal being to gain an understanding of the socio-cultural context of community markets and the potential interplay with the health kiosk as a new ‘entrant’ into the market setting. The level of interaction and connectedness among market traders, buyers and other people found within markets varied both with the size and level of activity in the particular market and potential points of leverage and resistance were identified.

The study team conducted a physical assessment of health centers, which are the primary care centres within  the county health system. The potential and actual capacity to provide NCD prevention and control services, and potential for collaboration with community markets was assessed for each health centre visited.

Community markets were assessed to understand their organisational structure, ongoing activities outside those  typically associated with business such as social and welfare groups and establish the existence of health promotion activities. This was restricted to markets within a 5km radius of the nearest health centre, to follow health sector guidance on acceptable access to health facilities.

An understanding of the operating environment in trade and health as the two major sectors interfacing on the study was gained.

A workshop was convened with a diverse representation of people who would impact or with the potential to impact on the health kiosks. This included market traders, patient representatives, religious leaders, leadership of markets, frontline and management-level health workers, and local NGOs

Reaching consensus with such varied sources of opinion required innovation. The research team used the group concept mapping method. During a concept mapping workshop, facilitators led brainstorming around 3 prompt questions, the sum of which enabled participants to then consider and individually express their vision and aspirations for the kiosks’ physical structure, operations, quality of service criteria and possible barriers and facilitators to their achievement. Following this, through a sorting and rating exercise, they were able to collectively identify important and feasible actions to start off implementation.

The hekima kiosk intervention was co-developed with the community right from inception. The conceptulization, development, implementation and monitoring have all had active and sustained input from the community.

The knowledge gained in the process of building partnerships, observing the markets and concept mapping enabled the research team identify contextual factors likely to influence the creation and use of health kiosks in markets as a system interface between the community and primary healthcare system and address them accordingly in the implementation strategies .

The study was officially launched by the Vihiga County Deputy Governor Dr G. Asisi representing the County Governor, H.E. Dr. Wilber Ottichilo in Mudete Market in Sabatia Sub-County, Vihiga on 15th August 2019. In attendance was Dr. Evans Amukoye, Director Research Administration representing Director General KEMRI, County Directors of Health, County Trade representatives, sub-county NCD coordinators, market champions and health care workers among others. Approximately 400 people attended the launch ceremony, 300 of whom were screened for high blood pressure and diabetes.

It was an inspiring event, with the CHWs singing a song they developed for ‘HEKIMA’. With the assistance of the KEMRI corporate communications department the event was broadcasted live on national television

The project had a hiatus in 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions. Field-related activities resumed in August 2021.

The views collected during the consultative workshops informed the design and physical plan of the kiosks. The construction site within each market was identified through a consultative process involving the market leadership, traders  and the County Departments of Trade, Environment and Physical Planning.  We optimized the design to maximise comfort and privacy, and to facilitate a natural flow of of people according to the workflow. Information, education and communication materials for kiosk users and job aids for service providers were also prepared

Training

The training materials were developed collaboratively with the County. All the staff (CHWs, Market champions and Health care workers) working in the Health Kiosk were trained.

The CHWs training had both theory and  hands-on, with continuous mentorship and monitoring during the  intervention period.

Services

The kiosks are stocked with basic screening and measuring tools all certified by the ministry of health. They are each operated by two Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) and  supervised by a nurse with primary care experience. The kiosk staff delivered CVD risk screening (Hypertension, Diabetes mellitus, overweight and obesity), early intervention including follow up and referrals for pre-hypertensive and overweight participants and CVD health education and promotion. Each Kiosk has a market champion whose work is to promote engagement with the health kiosk. The Kiosks open for 3 days a week.

Partnerships

Both formal and informal engagements were held to establish the community needs and viability of the research idea. The outcome informed the funding application and protocol development.

Participatory approaches are key in understanding the governance and practicalities in undertaking complex interventions. HEKIMA used this approach in identifying whom to work with, getting the buy-in and good will; and in sensitizing and mobilizing communities, healthcare workers, the market leadership and administration. The project has both local and global advisory groups to provide stewardship over operational and scientific aspects of implementation respectively. The membership of each group is listed below

Local Advisory Group

• Justus Inonda
• Geoffrey Vukaya
• Dr. Nicholas Mwandihi
• Grace Kadenge
• Mary Anyienda
• Martin Osotsi
• Ken Alusa
• Rebecca Esolio
• Elisha Ambale
• Gabriel Masinde
• Sammy Chelule
• Arnold Kihima
• Everline Mwango
• Callen Kerubo
• Collins Mudogo
• Dr. Jerusa Oluhano

Global Scientific Advisory Group 

• Prof. Rainford Wilkinson
• Dr. Reeta Gobi
• Prof. Paulo Jardim
• Prof. Julia Fox Rushby
• Dr. Ursula Reed
• Dr. Clare Coultas
• Dr Salma Ayis
• Dr Louise Goff
• Dr Alexis Karamanos
• Elia Christelle

Vihiga County has formally integrated the kiosks within the primary healthcare pathway; they have facility identifier codes and file health prevention/promotion workload reports on the Kenya Health Information System (KHIS) .

A community setting such as a market is a suitable environment to create demand for cardiovascular disease prevention

The co-development of the intervention was instrumental to the success of the intervention; the insights of  the participants in the concept mapping workshop clearly identified the facilitators and barriers later observed during implementation and in findings from evaluation activities. The study is generating evidence that  given an enabling environment, communities can develop contextually appropriate solutions to address health-related challenges. The response to the kiosks was enthusiastic and exceeded all expectations, with 2224 people screened over a six month period. The kiosks were successfully integrated into the market milieu but were readily identifiable as being health-focused. Ongoing analysis of the study indicates the kiosks have created demand for health prevention/promotion services, with calls to provide a wider range of these services at the kiosks coming from the community.

This is a significant outcome for a feasibility study and speaks to the translational potential of interventions incorporating co-development approaches.

Capacity building

There has been knowledge exchange and capacity building at various levels.

CHWs and nurses benefited from training and mentorship throughout the study period; the CHW in particular gained skills and confidence in health promotion in the area of CVD, having had no prior experience of this

The Kenya-based research team benefitted from knowledge transfer from UK colleagues in implementation science and qualitative research methods. This included online and in-person seminars such as the Global Health Symposium held in 2019 at King’s College London

Conference Presentations

1. Preparedness of primary care and community markets to develop a system interface to drive health equity: The Health Kiosk in Markets “HEKIMA” study in Vihiga, Kenya. Abstract 111 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/KASH-10-BOOK-OF-ABSTRACTS.pdf 
2. Systems thinking with stakeholders to strengthen primary health care in Kenya: concept mapping in the Health Kiosk in Markets “HEKIMA” study, Vihiga Kenya. Abstract 003 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/KASH-10-BOOK-OF-ABSTRACTS.pdf
3. Health System Response to Covid 19 in Border Counties in Kenya Abstract 009 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/11th-KASH-Book-of-Abstracts-3.pdf
4. Socio-economic status and knowledge of COVID-19 prevention measures in border counties of Busia and Mandera Abstract 56 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/11th-KASH-Book-of-Abstracts-3.pdf
5. Effect of covid-19 pandemic response measures on social life in two border counties of Kenya. Abstract 57 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/11th-KASH-Book-of-Abstracts-3.pdf
6. Association between nutrition knowledge and practice and cardiovascular disease risk factors among community members in Vihiga County. Abstract 98  https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/13-KASH-Abstract-Book.pdf
7. Using community assets to improve access to cardiovascular disease prevention services: Case study of Health Kiosks in Markets. Abstract 143 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/13-KASH-Abstract-Book.pdf
8. Burden and Perception of Overweight and Obesity as a Risk Factor to Cardiovascular Diseases in Vihiga County, Kenya Abstract 144 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/13-KASH-Abstract-Book.pdf
9. Title: Community Engagement and Co-Development in Designing Non-Communicable Disease Interventions: Case study of HEKIMA Abstract 167 https://www.kemri.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/13-KASH-Abstract-Book.pdf

Publications:

Kaduka Lydia, Olale Joanna, Karamanos Alexis, Mutai Joseph, Coultas Clare, Ahmed Ismail, Lesperance Veline, Read Ursula, Dazzan Paola, Cruickshank Kennedy, Muniu, Erastus, Harding Seeromanie. Contextually appropriate communication strategies for COVID-19 prevention in Kenya border regions: Evidence from a mixed method observational study in Busia and Mandera Counties. BMJ Open 2023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062686

Submitted for publication:

BMJ OPEN: Readiness of primary healthcare and community markets for joint delivery of cardiovascular disease prevention services: Feasibility study of health kiosk in markets “HEKIMA” in Kenya

Manuscripts under development: Cost effectiveness of the HEKIMA study & Feasibility of the HEKIMA study

Dr. Kaduka is an Assistant Principal Research Scientist at Centre for Public Health Research in KEMRI. Her formal doctoral training is in Medical Biochemistry and post-doc in Healthcare Management. She has largely focused on NCDs, and stroke & cardiovascular diseases in particular. She has served as PI/Co-PI/Co-investigator on numerous projects, and marshaled and led research teams, mentored young investigators, and provided scientific direction in her line of work

Presently she serves as PI on a joint Medical Research Council (MRC, Cambridge, UK) – National Research Foundation (NRF, Nairobi, Kenya) Newton grant entitled, “Strengthening Primary Care Systems for Prevention & Control of Cardiovascular Diseases in Kenya: Feasibility Study of Health Kiosks in Markets”. This is a system-led intervention study to improve the reach and sustainability of cardiovascular disease prevention and health promotion interventions in communities through market-based health kiosks, in an effort to address inequalities in health care access. She currently serves on the Kenya National CVD Technical Working Group, and Chairs the Kenya National CVD Research and Monitoring and Evaluation Sub-Committee.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-0533

Seeromanie Harding is Professor of Social Epidemiology at King’s College London. Her research focuses on inequalities in health over the life course, and participatory approaches to systems perspectives to engage with the complex socio-cultural-political contexts that drive health inequities. UK-based studies include those in London that are exploring how hairdressing salons and primary care can jointly promote early detection of cardiovascular disease and breast cancer among women living in deprived and ethnically dense neighbourhoods,  the Healthy Eating and Active Lifestyles for Diabetes (HEAL-D) study in African and Caribbean communities, and the eLIXIR programme that links information from routine health records and blood samples from mothers and their children to explores the early origins of physical and mental health disorders. International studies include the CONTACT (Congregations Taking Action Against Non-Communicable Diseases) study in the Caribbean, Health Kiosks in community Markets (HEKIMA) study in Kenya, Xunati Uti study in Brazil, and the recently funded IMPlementation of a multisectoral programme to improve Indigenous Adolescent Mental health in Brazil and Dominica (IMPACT). These studies explore the embedding of community systems (e.g., places of worship, community markets, schools) into the primary care pathway for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. Before joining King’s College, she led the Medical Research Council Ethnicity and Health Research Programme at the University of Glasgow. Whilst there she established the Determinants of Adolescent, now young Adults, Social well-being and Health (DASH) study, a London based longitudinal study of ~6000 ethnically diverse young people. Equity, interdisciplinarity and collaborative partnerships with communities, policy actors and practitioners are key anchors in these studies.

She is Joint Head of the Department of Population Health Sciences at King’s College London, based within the Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Life Course & Population Sciences. Population health research is led by over 160 experts, with patients and the public, to better understand how we can improve population health. Strong interdisciplinary research groups of social scientists, clinicians, health informaticists, statisticians and health economists, capacity building of early career researchers, and global health are key strengths of the Department.

https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/seeromanie-harding

KEMRI: Dr. Joanna Olale, Mr. Erastus Muniu, Dr. Joseph Mutai

University of Nairobi:  Dr. Boniface Oyugi, Prof. Elijah Ogola

Moi University: Dr. Chrispine Oduor

Strathmore University: Prof. Gilbert Kokwaro